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Veja uma revisão sobre a patogenese do HTLV publicada
Minireview. British Journal of Cancer (2009) 101, 1497–1501. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605345 www.bjcancer.com
Veja uma revisão sobre a patogenese do HTLV publicada
Minireview. British Journal of Cancer (2009) 101, 1497–1501. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605345 www.bjcancer.com
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) belongs to the Deltaretrovirus genera of the Orthoretrovirinae subfamily. HTLV-1 is the first discovered human retrovirus, isolated in the early 1980s from peripheral blood samples of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Poiesz et al, 1980). Even if the exact number of sero-positive individuals is not known, an estimated 20 million people would be infected with HTLV-1 worldwide (de The and Kazanji, 1996). HTLV-1 is endemic in the Caribbean, Southern Japan, Africa, South America and Pacific islands. HTLV-1 is also present in Europe and North America where infection is epidemic. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of an aggressive leukaemia, called adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) as well as inflammatory disorders including tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), arthritis, uveitis, dermatitis, lymphadenitis and Sjögren's syndrome (Proietti et al, 2005). In addition to HTLV-1, other members of the Deltatretovirus genus are HTLV-2, -3 and -4 as well as bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). HTLV-2 was identified in cell lines derived from a patient with atypical hairy cell leukaemia although further studies failed to confirm the association of HTLV-2 with lymphoproliferative diseases. HTLV-3 and -4 subtypes have recently been identified in bushmeat hunters in Central Africa; infection by these two viruses being presently not associated to any pathology (Mahieux and Gessain, 2005). BLV is the causative agent of a B-cell neoplastic disease in cattle (reviewed by Gillet et al, 2007).
Most HTLV-1 carriers remain infected lifelong without developing any major clinical manifestation. After several decades, only a small proportion (2.1% for females and 6.6% for males) of HTLV-1-infected subjects will progress to ATL. The term ATL includes a spectrum of diseases that are referred to as smoldering, chronic, lymphoma and acute. ATL patients have atypical lymphoid cells with multilobulated nuclei (so-called flower cells) in their peripheral blood. ATL cells are consistently monoclonal with respect to proviral integration and originate from initial polyclonal/oligoclonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells. Leukaemia may progress from a smouldering phase to chronic and acute clinical manifestations. Acute and lymphoma subtypes show aggressive and rapidly fatal clinical courses with a median survival time of about 1 year. Although tumour cells are sensitive to conventional chemotherapy, patients rapidly relapse and become resistant to further treatment. Chronic and smouldering stages have a more indolent course and do not require chemotherapy (Proietti et al, 2005).
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HTLV-1-Encoded proteins
Most HTLV-1 carriers remain infected lifelong without developing any major clinical manifestation. After several decades, only a small proportion (2.1% for females and 6.6% for males) of HTLV-1-infected subjects will progress to ATL. The term ATL includes a spectrum of diseases that are referred to as smoldering, chronic, lymphoma and acute. ATL patients have atypical lymphoid cells with multilobulated nuclei (so-called flower cells) in their peripheral blood. ATL cells are consistently monoclonal with respect to proviral integration and originate from initial polyclonal/oligoclonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells. Leukaemia may progress from a smouldering phase to chronic and acute clinical manifestations. Acute and lymphoma subtypes show aggressive and rapidly fatal clinical courses with a median survival time of about 1 year. Although tumour cells are sensitive to conventional chemotherapy, patients rapidly relapse and become resistant to further treatment. Chronic and smouldering stages have a more indolent course and do not require chemotherapy (Proietti et al, 2005).
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HTLV-1-Encoded proteins
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